Administration système

1   Introduction

1.1   Objectifs de l'ingénieur système

1.2   Les différents systèmes d'exploitation

2   Amorçage d'un système d'exploitation

2.1   Principes d'amorçage d'un OS

2.2   Principes d'amorçage : Exemples

2.3   Scripts de démarrage

2.4   Installation d'un service sous Windows XP

3   Virtualisation de systèmes d'exploitation

3.1   Définition de la virtualisation

3.2   Utilisations de la virtualisation

3.3   Types de virtualisation

3.4   Logiciels de virtualisation

3.5   Etude d'un système de virtualisation totale

3.6   Etude d'un système de virtualisation totale

3.7   Etude d'un système de para-virtualisation

4   Gestion des systèmes de fichiers

4.1   Partitionnement des disques

4.2   Commandes de partitionnement des disques

Pas de normalisation des commandes :
Linux :
fdisk :
$ fdisk
Command (m for help): p
   Device Boot  Begin   Start     End  Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *       1       1     126   51382+   6  DOS 16-bit
/dev/hda2         127     127     202   31008   83  Linux native
/dev/hda3         203     203     328   51408   82  Linux swap
/dev/hda4         329     329    1010  278256   83  Linux native
Sun :
format :
$ format
format> partition
partition> print
partition a - starting cyl      0, # blocks   100800 (100/0/0)
partition b - starting cyl    100, # blocks   504000 (500/0/0)
partition c - starting cyl      0, # blocks  2052288 (2036/0/0)
partition d - starting cyl   1100, # blocks   201600 (200/0/0)
partition e - starting cyl   1300, # blocks   741888 (736/0/0)
partition f - starting cyl    900, # blocks   201600 (200/0/0)
partition g - starting cyl    600, # blocks   302400 (300/0/0)
partition h - starting cyl      0, # blocks        0 (0/0/0)
Ultrix :
chpt ;
OSF1 :
disklabel.

4.3   Exemple de partitionnement sous Linux

4.4   Montage des systèmes de fichiers

4.5   Systèmes de fichiers réseau

4.6   Commandes de montage de système de fichiers

4.7   Mise en place de quotas disque

4.8   Gestion des disques sous Windows XP

4.9   Problèmes liés à l'administration des disques

4.10   Solution : accélération et redondance

4.11   Exemple de RAID logiciel (Linux)

4.12   Exemple de RAID logiciel (Windows XP)

4.13   Solution : accélération et facilité d'administration

4.14   Exemple de volume logique (Linux)

4.15   Exemple de volume logique (Windows XP)

4.16   Arborescence Unix classique

5   Gestion d'un parc de machines

5.1   La problématique

5.2   Les solutions : outil maison

5.3   Les solutions : cfengine

5.4   Les solutions : puppet

6   Gestion des utilisateurs

6.1   Création d'un compte utilisateur

6.2   Gestion centralisée des utilisateurs

6.3   Annuaire LDAP

6.4   Annuaire LDAP : les fonctionnalités

6.5   Annuaire LDAP : Implémentation openldap

A   Annexes

A.1   Messages de l'amorce d'un Linux

[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[    0.000000] Linux version 2.6.25-2-686 (Debian 2.6.25-6) (maks@debian.org) (gcc version 4.1.3 20080623 (prerelease) (Debian 4.1.2-23)) #1 SMP Fri Jun 27 03:23:20 UTC 2008
[    0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000001fe71000 (usable)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 000000001fe71000 - 000000001fe73000 (ACPI NVS)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 000000001fe73000 - 000000001fe94000 (ACPI data)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 000000001fe94000 - 000000001ff00000 (reserved)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 00000000fec00000 - 00000000fec10000 (reserved)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 00000000fee00000 - 00000000fee10000 (reserved)
[    0.000000]  BIOS-e820: 00000000ffb00000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)
[    0.000000] 0MB HIGHMEM available.
[    0.000000] 510MB LOWMEM available.
[    0.000000] Scan SMP from c0000000 for 1024 bytes.
[    0.000000] Scan SMP from c009fc00 for 1024 bytes.
[    0.000000] Scan SMP from c00f0000 for 65536 bytes.
[    0.000000] found SMP MP-table at [c00fe710] 000fe710
[    0.000000] Entering add_active_range(0, 0, 130673) 0 entries of 256 used
[    0.000000] Zone PFN ranges:
[    0.000000]   DMA             0 ->     4096
[    0.000000]   Normal       4096 ->   130673
[    0.000000]   HighMem    130673 ->   130673
[    0.000000] Movable zone start PFN for each node
[    0.000000] early_node_map[1] active PFN ranges
[    0.000000]     0:        0 ->   130673
[    0.000000] On node 0 totalpages: 130673
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 32 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 0 pages reserved
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 4064 pages, LIFO batch:0
[    0.000000]   Normal zone: 988 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   Normal zone: 125589 pages, LIFO batch:31
[    0.000000]   HighMem zone: 0 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   Movable zone: 0 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000] DMI 2.3 present.
[    0.000000] ACPI: RSDP 000FEBA0, 0014 (r0 DELL  )
[    0.000000] ACPI: RSDT 000FD506, 0038 (r1 DELL    GX60           6 ASL        61)
[    0.000000] ACPI: FACP 000FD53E, 0074 (r1 DELL    GX60           6 ASL        61)
[    0.000000] ACPI: DSDT FFFD50FE, 2556 (r1   DELL    dt_ex     1000 MSFT  100000D)
[    0.000000] ACPI: FACS 1FE71000, 0040
[    0.000000] ACPI: SSDT FFFD7654, 00A7 (r1   DELL    st_ex     1000 MSFT  100000D)
[    0.000000] ACPI: APIC 000FD5B2, 005C (r1 DELL    GX60           6 ASL        61)
[    0.000000] ACPI: BOOT 000FD60E, 0028 (r1 DELL    GX60           6 ASL        61)
[    0.000000] ACPI: ASF! 000FD636, 0067 (r16 DELL    GX60           6 ASL        61)
[    0.000000] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x808
[    0.000000] ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
[    0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x01] lapic_id[0x00] enabled)
[    0.000000] Processor #0 15:2 APIC version 20
[    0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x02] lapic_id[0x01] disabled)
[    0.000000] ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x01] address[0xfec00000] gsi_base[0])
[    0.000000] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 1, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23
[    0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)
[    0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level)
[    0.000000] ACPI: IRQ0 used by override.
[    0.000000] ACPI: IRQ2 used by override.
[    0.000000] ACPI: IRQ9 used by override.
[    0.000000] Enabling APIC mode:  Flat.  Using 1 I/O APICs
[    0.000000] Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information
[    0.000000] Allocating PCI resources starting at 20000000 (gap: 1ff00000:ded00000)
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 00000000000f0000
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000
[    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 129653
[    0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda1 ro quiet 
[    0.000000] mapped APIC to ffffb000 (fee00000)
[    0.000000] mapped IOAPIC to ffffa000 (fec00000)
[    0.000000] Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
[    0.000000] Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
[    0.000000] Initializing CPU#0
[    0.000000] PID hash table entries: 2048 (order: 11, 8192 bytes)
[    0.000000] Detected 2000.145 MHz processor.
[    0.001515] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
[    0.001522] console [tty0] enabled
[    0.001957] Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
[    0.002656] Inode-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[    0.004000] Memory: 508232k/522692k available (1753k kernel code, 13876k reserved, 728k data, 252k init, 0k highmem)
[    0.004000] virtual kernel memory layout:
[    0.004000]     fixmap  : 0xfff4c000 - 0xfffff000   ( 716 kB)
[    0.004000]     pkmap   : 0xff800000 - 0xffc00000   (4096 kB)
[    0.004000]     vmalloc : 0xe0800000 - 0xff7fe000   ( 495 MB)
[    0.004000]     lowmem  : 0xc0000000 - 0xdfe71000   ( 510 MB)
[    0.004000]       .init : 0xc0375000 - 0xc03b4000   ( 252 kB)
[    0.004000]       .data : 0xc02b6432 - 0xc036c640   ( 728 kB)
[    0.004000]       .text : 0xc0100000 - 0xc02b6432   (1753 kB)
[    0.004000] Checking if this processor honours the WP bit even in supervisor mode...Ok.
[    0.004000] CPA: page pool initialized 1 of 1 pages preallocated
[    0.084009] Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 4004.95 BogoMIPS (lpj=8009902)
[    0.084076] Security Framework initialized
[    0.084085] SELinux:  Disabled at boot.
[    0.084089] Capability LSM initialized
[    0.084115] Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
[    0.084367] Initializing cgroup subsys ns
[    0.084375] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[    0.084417] CPU: Trace cache: 12K uops, L1 D cache: 8K
[    0.084423] CPU: L2 cache: 128K
[    0.084426] CPU: Hyper-Threading is disabled
[    0.084431] Intel machine check architecture supported.
[    0.084439] Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0.
[    0.084442] CPU0: Intel P4/Xeon Extended MCE MSRs (12) available
[    0.084448] CPU0: Thermal monitoring enabled
[    0.084457] Compat vDSO mapped to ffffe000.
[    0.084469] Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
[    0.100417] SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
[    0.103143] Freeing SMP alternatives: 16k freed
[    0.103152] ACPI: Core revision 20070126
[    0.141613] CPU0: Intel(R) Celeron(R) CPU 2.00GHz stepping 07
[    0.141671] Total of 1 processors activated (4004.95 BogoMIPS).
[    0.141813] ENABLING IO-APIC IRQs
[    0.142001] ..TIMER: vector=0x31 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1
[    0.184011] Brought up 1 CPUs
[    0.184011] CPU0 attaching sched-domain:
[    0.184011]  domain 0: span 01
[    0.184011]   groups: 01
[    0.184011] net_namespace: 548 bytes
[    0.184011] Booting paravirtualized kernel on bare hardware
[    0.184011] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[    0.184011] ACPI: bus type pci registered
[    0.208698] PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfbdfd, last bus=1
[    0.208703] PCI: Using configuration type 1
[    0.208732] Setting up standard PCI resources
[    0.211911] ACPI: EC: Look up EC in DSDT
[    0.240954] ACPI: Interpreter enabled
[    0.240963] ACPI: (supports S0 S1 S3 S4 S5)
[    0.240993] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing
[    0.278828] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (0000:00)
[    0.279433] * The chipset may have PM-Timer Bug. Due to workarounds for a bug,
[    0.279436] * this clock source is slow. If you are sure your timer does not have
[    0.279438] * this bug, please use "acpi_pm_good" to disable the workaround
[    0.279492] pci 0000:00:1f.0: quirk: region 0800-087f claimed by ICH4 ACPI/GPIO/TCO
[    0.279497] pci 0000:00:1f.0: quirk: region 0880-08bf claimed by ICH4 GPIO
[    0.279784] PCI: Transparent bridge - 0000:00:1e.0
[    0.279823] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Routing Table [\_SB_.PCI0._PRT]
[    0.280509] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Routing Table [\_SB_.PCI0.PCI1._PRT]
[    0.384911] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKA] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 *9 10 11 12 15)
[    0.385294] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 *11 12 15)
[    0.385666] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 *10 11 12 15)
[    0.386039] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKD] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 *11 12 15)
[    0.386410] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKE] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15) *0, disabled.
[    0.386783] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKF] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15) *0, disabled.
[    0.387155] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKG] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15) *0, disabled.
[    0.387533] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKH] (IRQs *3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15)
[    0.388004] Linux Plug and Play Support v0.97 (c) Adam Belay
[    0.388148] pnp: PnP ACPI init
[    0.388169] ACPI: bus type pnp registered
[    0.415502] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 12 devices
[    0.415508] ACPI: ACPI bus type pnp unregistered
[    0.415515] PnPBIOS: Disabled by ACPI PNP
[    0.416462] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
[    0.416469] PCI: If a device doesn't work, try "pci=routeirq".  If it helps, post a report
[    0.421770] ACPI: RTC can wake from S4
[    0.421840] system 00:00: iomem range 0x0-0x9ffff could not be reserved
[    0.421847] system 00:00: iomem range 0x100000-0xffffff could not be reserved
[    0.421851] system 00:00: iomem range 0x1000000-0x1fe70fff could not be reserved
[    0.421855] system 00:00: iomem range 0xf0000-0xfffff could not be reserved
[    0.421859] system 00:00: iomem range 0xfec00000-0xfec0ffff could not be reserved
[    0.421863] system 00:00: iomem range 0xfee00000-0xfee0ffff could not be reserved
[    0.421868] system 00:00: iomem range 0xffb00000-0xffbfffff could not be reserved
[    0.421872] system 00:00: iomem range 0xffc00000-0xffffffff could not be reserved
[    0.421893] system 00:0b: ioport range 0x800-0x85f has been reserved
[    0.421897] system 00:0b: ioport range 0xc00-0xc7f has been reserved
[    0.421902] system 00:0b: ioport range 0x860-0x8ff could not be reserved
[    0.453472] PCI: Bridge: 0000:00:1e.0
[    0.453477]   IO window: e000-efff
[    0.453484]   MEM window: 0xff800000-0xff9fffff
[    0.453489]   PREFETCH window: disabled.
[    0.453506] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1e.0 to 64
[    0.453553] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[    0.453764] IP route cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
[    0.454115] TCP established hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[    0.454248] TCP bind hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[    0.454482] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 16384 bind 16384)
[    0.454488] TCP reno registered
[    0.454920] checking if image is initramfs... it is
[    0.956087] Switched to high resolution mode on CPU 0
[    1.232530] Freeing initrd memory: 6204k freed
[    1.232896] Simple Boot Flag value 0x87 read from CMOS RAM was invalid
[    1.232901] Simple Boot Flag at 0x7a set to 0x1
[    1.234432] audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
[    1.234456] type=2000 audit(1224762971.232:1): initialized
[    1.234671] Total HugeTLB memory allocated, 0
[    1.234858] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.1
[    1.234905] Dquot-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[    1.235095] io scheduler noop registered
[    1.235100] io scheduler anticipatory registered
[    1.235102] io scheduler deadline registered
[    1.235127] io scheduler cfq registered (default)
[    1.235147] pci 0000:00:02.0: Boot video device
[    1.235229] pci 0000:01:0c.0: Firmware left e100 interrupts enabled; disabling
[    1.236353] isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards...
[    1.590768] isapnp: No Plug & Play device found
[    1.601170] Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
[    1.601419] serial8250: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
[    1.602660] 00:09: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
[    1.605548] brd: module loaded
[    1.605843] PNP: PS/2 Controller [PNP0303:KBD,PNP0f13:MOU] at 0x60,0x64 irq 1,12
[    1.608558] serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1
[    1.608570] serio: i8042 AUX port at 0x60,0x64 irq 12
[    1.609082] mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[    1.609306] cpuidle: using governor ladder
[    1.609311] cpuidle: using governor menu
[    1.609944] TCP cubic registered
[    1.609974] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[    1.609995] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[    1.610006] Using IPI No-Shortcut mode
[    1.610494] registered taskstats version 1
[    1.611036] Freeing unused kernel memory: 252k freed
[    1.644803] input: AT Translated Set 2 keyboard as /class/input/input0
[    2.024002] ACPI: ACPI0007:00 is registered as cooling_device0
[    2.730904] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[    2.730951] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[    2.748277] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[    2.770230] USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v3.0
[    2.770305] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.0[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 16
[    2.770323] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.0 to 64
[    2.770328] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: UHCI Host Controller
[    2.770549] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
[    2.770594] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: irq 16, io base 0x0000ff80
[    2.770835] usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[    2.770890] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    2.770910] hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    2.872364] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001
[    2.872371] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    2.872375] usb usb1: Product: UHCI Host Controller
[    2.872378] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 2.6.25-2-686 uhci_hcd
[    2.872381] usb usb1: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1d.0
[    2.872433] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.1[B] -> GSI 19 (level, low) -> IRQ 19
[    2.872450] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.1 to 64
[    2.872456] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: UHCI Host Controller
[    2.872533] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
[    2.872572] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: irq 19, io base 0x0000ff60
[    2.872771] usb usb2: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[    2.872820] hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    2.872841] hub 2-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    2.976369] usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001
[    2.976376] usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    2.976381] usb usb2: Product: UHCI Host Controller
[    2.976383] usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 2.6.25-2-686 uhci_hcd
[    2.976386] usb usb2: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1d.1
[    2.976438] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.2[C] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 18
[    2.976458] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.2 to 64
[    2.976464] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: UHCI Host Controller
[    2.976532] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 3
[    2.976573] uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: irq 18, io base 0x0000ff40
[    2.976767] usb usb3: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[    2.976816] hub 3-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    2.976835] hub 3-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    3.010922] No dock devices found.
[    3.062367] SCSI subsystem initialized
[    3.080396] usb usb3: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001
[    3.080402] usb usb3: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    3.080407] usb usb3: Product: UHCI Host Controller
[    3.080410] usb usb3: Manufacturer: Linux 2.6.25-2-686 uhci_hcd
[    3.080412] usb usb3: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1d.2
[    3.080538] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.7[D] -> GSI 23 (level, low) -> IRQ 23
[    3.080562] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.7 to 64
[    3.080568] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: EHCI Host Controller
[    3.080626] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 4
[    3.084560] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: debug port 1
[    3.084569] PCI: cache line size of 128 is not supported by device 0000:00:1d.7
[    3.084591] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: irq 23, io mem 0xffa00800
[    3.088709] e100: Intel(R) PRO/100 Network Driver, 3.5.23-k4-NAPI
[    3.088714] e100: Copyright(c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation
[    3.104594] ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00, driver 10 Dec 2004
[    3.104779] usb usb4: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[    3.104836] hub 4-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    3.104856] hub 4-0:1.0: 6 ports detected
[    3.149892] libata version 3.00 loaded.
[    3.208406] usb usb4: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
[    3.208413] usb usb4: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    3.208418] usb usb4: Product: EHCI Host Controller
[    3.208420] usb usb4: Manufacturer: Linux 2.6.25-2-686 ehci_hcd
[    3.208423] usb usb4: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1d.7
[    3.209087] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:01:0c.0[A] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 18
[    3.299573] e100: eth0: e100_probe: addr 0xff8ff000, irq 18, MAC addr 00:08:74:ca:f4:bf
[    3.325375] Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver
[    3.325383] ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
[    3.333874] ICH4: IDE controller (0x8086:0x24cb rev 0x01) at  PCI slot 0000:00:1f.1
[    3.333889] PCI: Enabling device 0000:00:1f.1 (0005 -> 0007)
[    3.333898] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.1[A] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 18
[    3.333913] ICH4: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later
[    3.333931]     ide0: BM-DMA at 0xffa0-0xffa7, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:PIO
[    3.333946]     ide1: BM-DMA at 0xffa8-0xffaf, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:PIO
[    3.333956] Probing IDE interface ide0...
[    3.347278] Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
[    3.362358] FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077
[    3.620432] hda: WDC WD400BB-75DEA0, ATA DISK drive
[    4.296118] hda: host max PIO4 wanted PIO255(auto-tune) selected PIO4
[    4.296118] hda: UDMA/100 mode selected
[    4.296118] Probing IDE interface ide1...
[    5.031436] hdc: SAMSUNG CD-ROM SC-148C, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
[    5.367059] hdc: host max PIO4 wanted PIO255(auto-tune) selected PIO4
[    5.367122] hdc: Disabling (U)DMA for SAMSUNG CD-ROM SC-148C (blacklisted)
[    5.367130] hdc: host max PIO4 wanted PIO255(auto-tune) selected PIO4
[    5.367206] ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
[    5.367246] ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
[    5.399065] hda: max request size: 128KiB
[    5.554155] hda: Host Protected Area detected.
[    5.554155]  current capacity is 78125000 sectors (40000 MB)
[    5.554155]  native  capacity is 78165360 sectors (40020 MB)
[    5.556436] hda: Host Protected Area disabled.
[    5.556436] hda: 78165360 sectors (40020 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=65535/16/63
[    5.556436] hda: cache flushes not supported
[    5.556436]  hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4
[    5.583979] hdc: ATAPI 48X CD-ROM drive, 128kB Cache
[    5.583990] Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
[    6.181724] PM: Starting manual resume from disk
[    6.234813] ReiserFS: hda1: found reiserfs format "3.6" with standard journal
[    6.234833] ReiserFS: hda1: using ordered data mode
[    6.241585] ReiserFS: hda1: journal params: device hda1, size 8192, journal first block 18, max trans len 1024, max batch 900, max commit age 30, max trans age 30
[    6.242572] ReiserFS: hda1: checking transaction log (hda1)
[   14.254621] ReiserFS: hda1: replayed 697 transactions in 7 seconds
[   14.299128] ReiserFS: hda1: Using r5 hash to sort names
[   17.215589] dcdbas dcdbas: Dell Systems Management Base Driver (version 5.6.0-3.2)
[   17.719491] Linux agpgart interface v0.103
[   17.734836] agpgart: Detected an Intel 830M Chipset.
[   17.734970] agpgart: Detected 892K stolen memory.
[   17.753034] agpgart: AGP aperture is 128M @ 0xf0000000
[   17.938265] input: Power Button (FF) as /class/input/input1
[   17.966761] ACPI: Power Button (FF) [PWRF]
[   17.966876] input: Power Button (CM) as /class/input/input2
[   17.999078] ACPI: Power Button (CM) [VBTN]
[   19.005080] pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
[   19.047074] shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.4
[   19.085013] iTCO_wdt: Intel TCO WatchDog Timer Driver v1.02 (26-Jul-2007)
[   19.085112] iTCO_wdt: failed to reset NO_REBOOT flag, reboot disabled by hardware
[   19.085170] iTCO_wdt: No card detected
[   19.231216] intel_rng: FWH not detected
[   19.378980] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.3[B] -> GSI 17 (level, low) -> IRQ 17
[   19.406808] input: PC Speaker as /class/input/input3
[   19.434275] Real Time Clock Driver v1.12ac
[   20.004059] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.5[B] -> GSI 17 (level, low) -> IRQ 17
[   20.004102] PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1f.5 to 64
[   20.197280] input: ImPS/2 Generic Wheel Mouse as /class/input/input4
[   20.229435] parport_pc 00:0a: reported by Plug and Play ACPI
[   20.229495] parport0: PC-style at 0x378 (0x778), irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
[   20.422816] intel8x0_measure_ac97_clock: measured 54782 usecs
[   20.422822] intel8x0: clocking to 48000
[   22.635596] Adding 979956k swap on /dev/hda3.  Priority:-1 extents:1 across:979956k
[   29.232799] ReiserFS: hda1: Removing [4 50189 0x0 SD]..done
[   29.232894] ReiserFS: hda1: There were 1 uncompleted unlinks/truncates. Completed
[   29.944473] loop: module loaded
[   30.050892] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
[   30.053432] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.13.0-ioctl (2007-10-18) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
[   47.309071] ReiserFS: hda4: found reiserfs format "3.6" with standard journal
[   47.309071] ReiserFS: hda4: using ordered data mode
[   47.312541] ReiserFS: hda4: journal params: device hda4, size 8192, journal first block 18, max trans len 1024, max batch 900, max commit age 30, max trans age 30
[   47.313376] ReiserFS: hda4: checking transaction log (hda4)
[   47.339641] ReiserFS: hda4: Using r5 hash to sort names
[   47.383862] ReiserFS: hda2: found reiserfs format "3.6" with standard journal
[   47.383862] ReiserFS: hda2: using ordered data mode
[   47.391981] ReiserFS: hda2: journal params: device hda2, size 8192, journal first block 18, max trans len 1024, max batch 900, max commit age 30, max trans age 30
[   47.392570] ReiserFS: hda2: checking transaction log (hda2)
[   47.410735] ReiserFS: hda2: Using r5 hash to sort names
[   47.410802] ReiserFS: hda2: Removing [2 23 0x0 SD]..done
[   47.410802] ReiserFS: hda2: Removing [2 22 0x0 SD]..done
[   47.410802] ReiserFS: hda2: Removing [2 17 0x0 SD]..done
[   47.410802] ReiserFS: hda2: There were 3 uncompleted unlinks/truncates. Completed
[   48.959887] e100: eth0: e100_watchdog: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex
[   52.894565] NET: Registered protocol family 10
[   52.895405] lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions

A.2   Fichier de configuration du processus Unix INIT

# /etc/inittab: init(8) configuration.
# $Id: inittab,v 1.8 1998/05/10 10:37:50 miquels Exp $

# The default runlevel.
id:2:initdefault:

# Boot-time system configuration/initialization script.
# This is run first except when booting in emergency (-b) mode.
si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

# What to do in single-user mode.
~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin

# /etc/init.d executes the S and K scripts upon change
# of runlevel.
#
# Runlevel 0 is halt.
# Runlevel 1 is single-user.
# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user.
# Runlevel 6 is reboot.

l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6
# Normally not reached, but fallthrough in case of emergency.
z6:6:respawn:/sbin/sulogin

# What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed.
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

# Action on special keypress (ALT-UpArrow).
kb::kbrequest:/bin/echo "Keyboard Request--edit /etc/inittab to let this work."

# What to do when the power fails/returns.
pf::powerwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail start
pn::powerfailnow:/etc/init.d/powerfail now
po::powerokwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail stop

# /sbin/getty invocations for the runlevels.
#
# The "id" field MUST be the same as the last
# characters of the device (after "tty").
#
# Format:
#  <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1
2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3
4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6

# Example how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
#
#T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
#T1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100

# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
#
#T3:23:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS3

A.3   Fichier Unix de lancement de démon

#! /bin/sh
#
# skeleton example file to build /etc/init.d/ scripts.
#  This file should be used to construct scripts for /etc/init.d.
#
#  Written by Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@cistron.nl>.
#  Modified for Debian GNU/Linux
#  by Ian Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>.
#
# Version: @(#)skeleton  1.9  26-Feb-2001  miquels@cistron.nl
#

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/daemon
NAME=daemon
DESC="some daemon"

test -x $DAEMON || exit 0

set -e

case "$1" in
  start)
 echo -n "Starting $DESC: "
 start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile /var/run/$NAME.pid \
  --exec $DAEMON
 echo "$NAME."
 ;;
  stop)
 echo -n "Stopping $DESC: "
 start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile /var/run/$NAME.pid \
  --exec $DAEMON
 echo "$NAME."
 ;;
  restart)
 echo -n "Restarting $DESC: "
 start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile \
  /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON
 sleep 1
 start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile \
  /var/run/$NAME.pid --exec $DAEMON
 echo "$NAME."
 ;;
  *)
 N=/etc/init.d/$NAME
 echo "Usage: $N {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
 exit 1
 ;;
esac

exit 0

This document was translated from LATEX by HEVEA.